MATSUMOTO, District Judge:
On March 12, 2014, plaintiffs Acorne Productions, LLC and Shant Mardirossian ("plaintiffs") commenced this case in Supreme Court of the State of New York, Kings County, alleging various New York state law causes of action against Zareh Tjeknavorian and Alina Tjeknavorian ("defendants") in connection with defendants' alleged failure to deliver a film they had agreed to create about the Armenian Genocide. (See generally Am. Compl., ECF No. 1, at 67.) On April 7, 2014, defendants removed the case to federal court asserting that plaintiffs' claims arise under the Copyright Act. (Notice of Removal, ECF No. 1, at 1.) In addition, following removal, defendants answered plaintiffs' amended complaint and asserted counterclaims for a declaratory judgment and for breach of contract. (Defs. Am. Answer & Counterclaims ("Defs. Am. Answer") ¶¶ 185-203, ECF No. 13.)
Presently before the court is plaintiffs' motion to remand the instant case to New York state court and for attorneys' fees and costs. Plaintiffs argue that this court does not have jurisdiction over the parties' claims. (See Pls. Mot. to Remand, ECF No. 16.) Defendants oppose the remand. The court heard oral argument on the motion, at the parties' request, on June 17, 2014. For the reasons set forth below, the plaintiffs' motion to remand is granted and the case is remanded. Plaintiffs' motion for attorneys' fees is denied.
This case involves a dispute about whether the parties adhered to their agreement to produce a film about the Armenian Genocide and the work of the humanitarian organization Near East Relief. Plaintiff Mardirossian is a board member and chairman of the Near East Foundation ("NEF"), which succeeded Near East Relief, as well as the sole member of Acorne Productions, LLC. Defendants are filmmakers. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 6-9, 16.)
The parties entered into an agreement in October of 2009 regarding the production of a film about Near East Relief's work and the role of the United States during the Armenian genocide. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 21, 22(b); Defs. Am. Answer ¶¶ 21, 22(b), 133; Pls. Answer to Defs.
Between January 2010 and April 2012, defendants worked on the film and were in regular communication with plaintiffs. (Am. Compl. ¶ 27; Defs. Am. Answer ¶ 27.) In May of 2012, the parties met to discuss the progress of the film. Plaintiff Mardirossian recalls informing defendants that the previously agreed to funding limit for the film had been exceeded and that his contributions to the film would cease on June 30, 2012. The parties agree that Mr. Tjeknavorian agreed to Mr. Mardirossian's request to prepare a marketing package, operating budget, and outline for the film. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 32-34; Defs. Am. Answer ¶¶ 32-34.) Defendants allege, and plaintiffs deny, that Mardirossian informed them with no advance warning that he would no longer fund the film after June 30, but that he in fact stopped making payments on May 29, 2012. (Defs. Am. Answer ¶¶ 161, 163; Pls. Answer ¶¶ 161, 163.) Defendants further allege, and plaintiffs deny, that, for the period plaintiffs funded the film, plaintiffs missed seven monthly payments and failed to pay for expenses during 2012 and that, despite the cessation of plaintiffs' funding, defendants continued to work on the film. (Defs. Am. Answer ¶¶ 164, 166-67; Pls. Answer ¶¶ 164, 166-67.)
Also in May of 2012, the parties agreed that defendants would create a marketing package, in order to attract additional donors. (Am. Compl. ¶ 33; Defs. Am. Answer ¶ 33.) Defendants agreed to provide an operating budget and film outline to Mardirossian, but never provided those materials, despite numerous requests. (See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 33, 43, 45-47 (describing requests for an operating budget and film outline on April 17, 2013, June 20, 2013, and September 1, 2013).) Defendants admit that they agreed to prepare these materials and anticipated being able to do so by May of 2013, but they never in fact provided the budget or outline to
On November 15, 2012, Mardirossian proposed that the parties enter into a written agreement and that plaintiffs would resume funding the film if defendants met the conditions of the agreement. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 38-39; Defs. Am. Answer ¶¶ 38-39.) Mr. Tjeknavorian agreed in principle to enter into a written agreement, and Mr. Mardirossian provided a draft agreement to defendants in February of 2013. (Am. Compl. ¶ 39, Ex. B (copy of draft "Producer Agreement"); Defs. Am. Answer ¶¶ 39, 176; Pls. Answer ¶ 176.) The draft "Producer Agreement" provides that the copyright to the film would be owned by Acorne. (Am. Compl. Ex. B ¶ 7.) Defendants did not agree with all the terms of the draft contract, and, therefore, did not sign it. (Defs. Am. Answer ¶ 178.) Defendants allege, and plaintiffs deny, that defendants instead informed Mardirossian that they would sign a mutually agreeable contract when they had completed the marketing package. (Defs. Am. Answer ¶ 178; Pls. Answer ¶ 178.)
On November 4, 2013, plaintiffs sent a letter to defendants, attached to the Amended Complaint as Exhibit C, stating that, due to defendants' failure to meet deadlines and present a budget, outline or preview of the film, plaintiffs no longer had confidence in defendants' ability to produce the film. (Am. Compl. ¶ 48 and Ex. C.) Plaintiffs demanded that defendants return "all equipment, documents, reference materials, film footage, and versions of the Documentary and a complete inventory of the products of work, [as well as] a full detailed accounting" and that defendants respond to the letter by November 15, 2013. (Id. Ex. C.) Defendants informed plaintiffs by email on November 14, 2013 that they would be unable to respond to the letter by the following day. (Am. Compl. Ex. D.) Defendants state that they ceased working on the film in November of 2013. (Defs. Am. Answer ¶ 184.) On March 12, 2014, plaintiffs filed an action in Supreme Court in Kings County. (Notice of Removal ¶ 1.)
There are two issues in dispute between the parties: 1) whether plaintiffs' claims arise under the Copyright Act and, therefore, whether this court has exclusive jurisdiction over the case based on those claims;
Following the removal of an action to federal court, "[i]f at any time before final judgment it appears that the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded." 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). Defendants bear the burden of demonstrating that federal subject matter jurisdiction exists. See, e.g., Wilds v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 262 F.Supp.2d 163, 171 (S.D.N.Y.2003) (citing, inter alia, United Food & Comm. Workers Union, Local 919, AFL-CIO v. Center-Mark Props. Meriden Square, Inc., 30 F.3d 298,
Having reviewed the Amended Complaint, as well as the parties' briefs and the arguments made before the court on June 17, 2014, the court finds that plaintiffs' claims do not arise under the Copyright Act. Therefore, this court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over plaintiffs' claims.
It is axiomatic that "[f]ederal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. They possess only that power authorized by Constitution and statute." Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377, 114 S.Ct. 1673, 128 L.Ed.2d 391 (1994) (citations omitted). Congress has mandated that the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction over actions arising under the Copyright Act. 28 U.S.C. § 1338(a) ("district courts ... have original jurisdiction of any civil action arising under any Act of Congress relating to ... copyrights. No State court shall have jurisdiction over any claim for relief arising under any Act of Congress relating to ... copyrights.").
The mere fact that "a case concerns a copyright does not necessarily mean that it is within the jurisdiction of the federal district court," however. Jasper v. Bovina Music, Inc., 314 F.3d 42, 46 (2d Cir.2002); see also Bassett v. Mashantucket Pequot Tribe, 204 F.3d 343, 347 (2d Cir.2000) ("Whether a complaint asserting factually related copyright and contract claims `arises under' the federal copyright laws for the purposes of [28 U.S.C.] Section 1338(a) poses one of the knottiest procedural problems in copyright jurisprudence." (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). The well-established test for determining whether a case arises under the Copyright Act was first articulated by the Second Circuit in T.B. Harms Co. v. Eliscu, 339 F.2d 823 (2d Cir.1964). See Bassett, 204 F.3d at 349-50 (reaffirming the applicability of the T.B. Harms test in the Second Circuit and noting that the test "has been adopted by all the circuits that have considered the question [of] whether a suit arises under the Copyright Act ..., if the disputed issues include non-copyright matters."). Under the T.B. Harms test, "a suit `arises under' the Copyright Act if: (1) `The Complaint is for a remedy expressly granted by the Act, e.g. a suit for infringement or for the statutory royalties for record reproduction;' or (2) `The Complaint asserts a claim requiring construction of the Act.'"
In their Amended Complaint, plaintiffs allege the following claims under state common law: 1) constructive trust; 2) preliminary and permanent injunctive relief; 3) promissory estoppel; 4) quantum meruit; 5) unjust enrichment; 6) negligent misrepresentation; 7) breach of contract; and 8) an action for an accounting. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 56-114.) Plaintiffs' requested relief includes: the creation of a constructive trust consisting of the film, any equipment, notes and other relevant materials, and the transfer of the corpus of that trust to plaintiffs; an injunction requiring the delivery of the completed film and related materials to plaintiffs; a judgment ordering the delivery of the film and related materials to plaintiffs, including the assignment of the copyrights, or, in the alternative, an award of compensatory damages; a complete accounting; and reasonable attorneys' fees and costs. (Id. at 23-26.)
None of plaintiffs' claims meet the T.B. Harms test for causes of action that arise under the Copyright Act. First, none of the remedies plaintiffs seek is expressly provided for in the Act. See Bassett, 204 F.3d at 348 (citing 17 U.S.C. §§ 502-05) (noting that injunctive relief to restrain infringement of a copyright, impoundment remedies, statutory damages, and attorney's fees and costs are remedies expressly provided by the Copyright Act). Second, plaintiffs' claims do not necessitate construction of the Act; instead, they require interpretation of the parties' agreement to determine whether defendants have met or breached their obligations under that agreement.
Defendants argue that plaintiffs' claims, while ostensibly state law causes of action, nonetheless arise under federal copyright law because plaintiffs seek ownership of the rights to the film. The Second Circuit has made clear, however, that "if [a] case concerns a dispute as to ownership of a copyright, and the issue of ownership turns on the interpretation of a contract, the case presents only a state law issue." Jasper, 314 F.3d at 46 (citing T.B. Harms, 339 F.2d at 826); see also Estate Examinations Co., Inc. v. ECG Enters., Inc., No. 06-CV-3024, 2006 WL 3248003, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Nov. 7, 2006) ("Where disputes arise under an agreement between parties, resolution depends on state contract law, not the Copyright Act."). Any question of ownership implicated by plaintiffs' common law claims can be resolved through interpretation of the parties' agreement under state law. As such, plaintiffs' claims do not requirement interpretation of the Copyright Act and this court lacks federal question jurisdiction over those claims.
Defendants have brought counterclaims for breach of contract and for a declaratory judgment that defendants are owners of the copyright. For the reasons set forth below, defendants' counterclaims do not arise under the Copyright Act, and the court, therefore, lacks jurisdiction over the counterclaims.
Generally, "the presence or absence of federal question jurisdiction is governed by the well-pleaded complaint
If defendants' counterclaims, which were asserted after removal, arise under the Copyright Act, this court would have jurisdiction over the counterclaims, and could exercise supplemental jurisdiction over plaintiffs' claims. See 28 U.S.C. § 1454(d)(1) ("If a civil action is removed solely under this section, the district court" "shall remand all claims that are neither a basis for removal under subsection (a) nor within the original or supplemental jurisdiction of the district court").
As previously noted, after the removal of plaintiffs' action, defendants asserted counterclaims for (1) a declaratory judgment that defendants are the sole owners of materials created in connection with the film and (2) for breach of contract.
Defendants argue, relying on the Second Circuit's decision in Jasper, that it will be necessary for any presiding court to determine whether the agreement between the parties constituted a writing sufficient under the Copyright Act to transfer ownership of the copyright.
In the instant case, the dispute involves what the parties agreed to, not the compatibility with, or interpretation of, that agreement within the context of the Act. In this respect, the court finds T.B. Harms, where the Second Circuit held that federal jurisdiction did not exist, to be more readily analogous to the instant case. In T.B. Harms, it was unclear whether one of the defendants had validly assigned his interest in the copyright to plaintiff, and plaintiff sought a declaratory judgment that he was a sole owner of the copyright. See Bassett, 204 F.3d at 348 (summarizing the background of the T.B. Harms decision).
Here, defendants' counterclaim seeks a declaratory judgment that they are the sole owners of all materials relating to the film and monetary damages for their breach of contract claim. Defendants' requested relief is not dependent on or derived from the Copyright Act. As in T.B. Harms, none of the claims or counterclaims
Moreover, the court is unable to find prior federal cases, where, as here, ownership is dictated by the terms of the parties' agreement and a party has sought a declaratory judgment regarding ownership. The court must "construe the removal statute narrowly, resolving any doubts against removability," Sherman, 528 F.Supp.2d at 325, and accordingly grants plaintiffs' motion to remand.
Plaintiffs have moved for an award of attorneys' fees and costs pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c), which provides that "[a]n order remanding the case may require payment of just costs and any actual expenses, including attorney fees, incurred as a result of the removal." Granting this award is within the district court's discretion. Certain Underwriters at Lloyd's London v. Art Crating, Inc., No. 12-CV-5078, 2014 WL 123488, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 10, 2014). The Supreme Court has held, however, that, "absent unusual circumstances, attorney's fees should not be awarded when the removing party has an objectively reasonable basis for removal." Martin v. Franklin Capital Corp., 546 U.S. 132, 136, 126 S.Ct. 704, 163 L.Ed.2d 547 (2005).
Although the court finds that there is no basis for federal jurisdiction in this case, defendants' rationales for removal were objectively reasonable, particularly given the complexity and uncertainty of the law in this area. Accordingly, plaintiffs' motion for attorneys' fees and costs is denied.
For the foregoing reasons, the court finds that plaintiffs' claims and defendants' counterclaims do not arise under the Copyright Act and that there is no basis for federal jurisdiction in this case. The case is therefore remanded. Plaintiffs' motion for attorneys' fees is, however, denied. The Clerk of Court is directed to remand this case to the Supreme Court of the State of New York, Kings County and to close the case.